Quantification and Characterization of Ti-, Ce-, and Ag-Nanoparticles in Global Surface Waters and Precipitation

Nanoparticle (NP) emissions to the environment are increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities, prompting concerns for ecosystems and human health. In order evaluate risk NPs, it is necessary know their concentrations in various environmental compartments on regional global scales; however, these data have remained largely elusive due analytical difficulties measuring NPs complex natural matrices. Here, we measure NP sizes Ti-, Ce-, Ag-containing numerous surface waters precipitation samples, provide insights into compositions origins (natural or anthropogenic). The results link occurrences distributions particle type, origin, sampling location. Based measurements from 46 sites across 13 countries, total Ti- Ce-NP (regardless origin) were often found be within 104 107 mL–1, whereas Ag exhibited sporadic with low generally up 105 mL–1. This corresponded mass <1 ng L–1 Ag-NPs, <100 Ce-NPs, <10 ?g Ti-NPs, given that measured below 15 nm Ce- Ag-NPs above 30 Ti-NPs. view current toxicological data, observed levels do not yet appear exceed toxicity thresholds health; likely already substantial certain areas, such urban centers. work lays foundation broader experimental surveys, which will critical reliable assessments regulation nano-enabled products.